[39] Anderson was placed in charge of 40 men, of which he was perhaps the angriest and most motivatedhis fellow guerrillas considered him one of the deadliest fighters there. [12] In late 1861, Anderson traveled south with Jim and Judge Baker in an apparent attempt to join the Confederate Army. Your choice of white or . [70] On July 15, Anderson and his men entered Huntsville, Missouri and occupied the town's business district. [107] The guerrillas set the passenger train on fire and derailed an approaching freight train. The notorious Bloody Bill was killed in a Union ambush in Missouri. [33] In August 1863, however, Union General Thomas Ewing, Jr. attempted to thwart the guerrillas by arresting their female relatives,[34] and Anderson's sisters were confined in a three-story building on Grand Avenue in Kansas City with a number of other girls. [3] His schoolmates recalled him as a well-behaved, reserved child. The trip was not successful and he returned to Missouri without the shipment, saying his horses had disappeared with the cargo. During the American Civil War, the James family sided with the Confederates, and Frank and Jesse James joined a group of guerrillas, or . Their move to Kansas was likely for economic rather than political reasons. [41], Arriving in Lawrence on August 21, the guerrillas immediately killed a number of Union Army recruits and one of Anderson's men took their flag. After a building collapse in the makeshift jail in Kansas City, Missouri, left one of them dead in custody and the other permanently maimed, Anderson devoted himself to revenge. [104] Anderson forced the captured Union soldiers to form a line and announced that he would keep one for a prisoner exchange but would execute the rest. Anderson was described as "nearly six feet tall, of rather swarthy complexion and had long, black hair, inclined to curl. [Photo captions, clockwise from top left, read] , . [60] Sutherland described Anderson's betrayal of Quantrill as a "Judas" turn. [146] The corpse was photographed and displayed at a local courthouse for public viewing, along with Anderson's possessions. [37] Castel and Goodrich maintain that by then killing had become more than a means to an end for Anderson: it became an end in itself. I have also read it was several Cavalry troopers, but that is another story. [167], In a study of 19th-century warfare, historian James Reid posited that Anderson suffered from delusional paranoia, which exacerbated his aggressive, sadistic personality. [117] However, Frank James, who participated in the attack, later defended the guerrillas' actions, arguing that the federal troops were marching under a black flag, indicating that they intended to show no mercy. (, At the time, some U.S. states allowed slavery, primarily those in the south, and some explicitly forbade it, primarily those in the north; whether newly created states would be "slave states" was a contentious and hotly debated issue. (, Although Wood states that Baker's group sought to join the Confederate army, Castel and Goodrich write that the group planned to conduct ", In his 2003 history of Civil War Missouri, Bruce Nichols stated that Reed led the gang until mid-July 1863. Anderson was told to recapture him and gave chase, but he was unable to locate his former commander and stopped at a creek. declared martial law in August 1861, giving Union forces broad powers to suppress those who resisted Union control. Missouri's southern sympathizers hated Union Brig. Anderson was known for his brutality towards Union soldiers, and pro Union partisans, who were called Jayhawkers. Official Records of the American Civil War, "Sideshow no longer: A historiographical review of the guerrilla war", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_T._Anderson&oldid=1137633714, People of Missouri in the American Civil War, People with sadistic personality disorder, Confederate States of America military personnel killed in the American Civil War, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Use shortened footnotes from November 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 17:50. Guerrilla Tactics 17 reviews The first-ever biography of the perpetrator of the Centralia and Baxter Springs Massacres, as well as innumerable atrocities during the Civil War in the West. He favored swift execution of captured guerrillas. Stockburn gets a good look at the Preacher and says "YOU". William T. Anderson[a] (c. 1840 October 26, 1864), known by the nickname "Bloody Bill" Anderson, was a soldier who was one of the deadliest and most notorious Confederate guerrilla leaders in the American Civil War. Usually a wife, sister, mother or sweetheart used ribbons, shells and needlework to create the ellaborately [sic] decorated shirts. [112] Although five guerrillas were killed by the first volley of Union fire, the Union soldiers were quickly overwhelmed by the well-armed guerrillas, and those who fled were pursued. [62][g] Quantrill was taken into custody but soon escaped. The guerrillas gathered at the Blackwater River in Johnson County, Missouri. Reid draws a parallel between the bashi-bazouks of the Ottoman Army and Anderson's guerrillas, arguing that they behaved similarly.[168]. The tortures included jumping on him, shooting at his legs and firing guns from his knee to burn his legs with powder. So they couldn't have obtained many from the Infantry. [163], Historians have been mixed in their appraisal of Anderson. [51] The guerrillas charged the Union forces, killing about 100. View character biography, pictures and memorable quotes. [81], On July 23, 1864, Anderson led 65 men to Renick, Missouri, robbing stores and tearing down telegraph wires on the way. [71] Anderson killed one hotel guest whom he suspected was a U.S. Anderson ordered them outside the car and lined up in two files. [130] Price was disgusted that Anderson used scalps to decorate his horse, and would not speak with him until he removed them. On July 17, 1862, Confederate Gen. Thomas Hindman issued the Missouri Partisan Ranger Act. Born in Kentucky in 1839 before moving to Missouri and eventually living in Kansas when the Civil War started, Bill Anderson soon earned the nom de plume "Bloody Bill." An unusual event made a guerrilla out of William Anderson. [53], On October 12, Quantrill and his men met General Samuel Cooper at the Canadian River and proceeded to Mineral Springs, Texas, to rest for the winter. Quantrill and other guerrillas nonetheless sought and sometimes received formal Confederate commissions as partisan rangers. "Bloody Bill" redirects here. [97], On the morning of September 27, 1864, Anderson left his camp with about 75 men to scout for Union forces. several of Anderson's men were cut down immediately & Anderson & 2 more continued but just a short distance when they were cut down. The Missouri act was an offshoot of the Confederate Partisan Ranger Act instituted by Confederate President Jefferson Davis in April 1862. On Oct. 27, 1864, about 300 men of the Enrolled Missouri Militia, led by Union Lt. Col. Samuel P. Cox, ambushed Anderson and his guerrilla force in Ray County's Albany, Mo. So . As Quantrill and Todd became less active, "Bloody Bill" Anderson emerged as the best-known, and most feared, Confederate guerrilla in Missouri. It is possible that Jim Anderson might have married Bloody Bill's widow IF the 22 August 1866 marriage of J. M. Anderson and Malinda Anderson was the marriage of James Madison Anderson and Malinda Bush Smith. ; and Confederate Memorial State Historic Site in Higginsville, Mo. Unexpectedly, his men were able to capture a passenger train, the first time Confederate guerrillas had done so. A State Divided: The Civil War in Missouri. [139][140] Anderson killed several other Union loyalists and some of his men returned to the wealthy resident's house to rape more of his female servants. Only advantage would have been if you were behind a barrier, in a gun battle. After hearing their accusations against his sons, he was incensedhe found Baker's involvement particularly infuriating. Then I noticed Bloody Bill Anderson and he has a very small existence in Josey Wales. 1. They had hoped to attack a train, but its conductor learned of their presence and turned back before reaching the town. The muzzle-loaders required no special ammunition or training and were effective out to about seventy-five or one hundred yards. [105] Anderson gave the civilian hostages permission to leave but warned them not to put out fires or move bodies. John Nichols, a bushwacker who operated in Johnson and Pettis Counties in 1862-1863, prior to his execution in Jefferson City, Missouri, October 30, 1863 The partisans would have had to encounter only the Cavalry to obtain anywhere near that amount. Biographer Larry Wood claimed that Anderson's sisters aided the guerrillas by gathering information inside Union-controlled territory. The Federal command in St. Louis, Mo. . They often used unorthodox tactics to fight Union troops, such as using a small party of horsemen to lure them into an ambush. The Civil War was a brutal and savage conflict, but try as I might, I can't think of anyone as bloodthirsty as William T. "Bloody Bill" Anderson. The Fate of the Bushwhackers The Texas Gun Collector article suggested the family had indicated John Shanton owned a farm in Missouri where Frank and Jesse James would hide out. [114] Anderson's men mutilated the bodies of the dead soldiers and tortured some survivors. Details on John (b. [4] In 1857, they relocated to the Kansas Territory, traveling southwest on the Santa Fe Trail and settling 13 miles (21km) east of Council Grove. All such organizations will be reported to their headquarters as soon as practicable. After he returned to Council Grove he began horse trading, taking horses from towns in Kansas, transporting them to Missouri and returning with more horses. The tension between the two groups markedly increasedsome feared open warfare would resultbut by the time of the wedding, relations had improved. [25] Quantrill was at the time the most prominent guerrilla leader in the KansasMissouri area. Union leaders branded bushwhackers as outlaws, issuing multiple orders to suppress guerilla activities. William Quantrill and William "Bloody Bill" Anderson are well-known bushwhacker leaders in Missouri. [108] Anderson's band then rode back to their camp, taking a large amount of looted goods. He addressed the prisoners, castigating them for the treatment of guerrillas by Union troops. However, his gun of choice was said to be the Dance .44 caliber cap and ball revolver. Raised by a family of Southerners in Kansas, Anderson began to support himself by stealing and selling horses in 1862. [120][121] Anderson evaded the pursuit, leading his men into ravines the Union troops would not enter for fear of ambush. ; Battle of Albany Civil War Marker near Orrick, Mo. [75] As Anderson's profile increased, he was able to recruit more guerrillas. Bloody Bill Anderson & the Missouri Bushwhackers - YouTube 0:00 / 1:05:58 Bloody Bill Anderson & the Missouri Bushwhackers Wild West Extravaganza 14.8K subscribers 132K views 1 year ago. They will receive pay and allowance for subsistence and forage for the time actually in the field, as established by the affadavits of their captains. The Dalton boys grew up outside of Coffeyville and . Their families and other local Confederate sympathizers supplied them with shelter, food, medical care and tactical information about Union activities. [88] On August 27, Union soldiers killed at least three of Anderson's men in an engagement near Rocheport. They often used unorthodox tactics to fight Union troops, such as using a small party of horsemen to lure them into an ambush. Cole Younger, 1913, The Federal command in St. Louis, Mo. On June 12, 1864, Anderson and 50 of his men engaged 15 members of the Missouri State Militia, killing and robbing 12. ; Battle of Lexington State Historic Site in Lexington, Mo. World War Memorial (here, next to this marker); World War II and Korean War Memorial (a few steps from this marker); Vietnam War Memorial (a few steps from this marker); Richmond (within shouting distance of this marker); Pvt. [35] In the aftermath, rumors that the building had been intentionally sabotaged by Union soldiers spread quickly;[36] Anderson was convinced it had been a deliberate act. General Orders No. Two hesitated coming down the steps. [21][f] William Quantrill, a Confederate guerrilla leader, later claimed to have encountered Reed's company in July and rebuked them for robbing Confederate sympathizers;[22] in their biography of Anderson, Albert Castel and Tom Goodrich speculate that this rebuke may have resulted in a deep resentment of Quantrill by Anderson. If they were Bill's, he would have had 7 pistols on his person which to me is a little hard to believe. They murdered my family when I was a schoolboy and I was launched into a life of shooting, reprisals and rough-riding." 3. Anderson subsequently returned to Missouri as the leader of his own group of raiders and became the most feared guerrilla in the state, robbing and killing a large number of Union soldiers and civilian sympathizers. William Anderson was initially given a chilly reception from other raiders, who perceived him to be brash and overconfident. . [10], After the Civil War began in 1861, the demand for horses increased and Anderson transitioned from trading horses to stealing them, reselling them as far away as New Mexico. He was killed in a Union ambush near Richmond, MO. They also targeted strategically important infrastructure like bridges, telegraph lines and railroads. Violence dropped in the area affected by Order No. After the robbery, the group was intercepted by a United States Marshal accompanied by a large posse,[28] about 150 miles (240km) from the KansasMissouri border. [1] By 1860, the young William T. Anderson was a joint owner of a 320-acre (1.3km2) property that was worth $500;[c] his family had a total net worth of around $1,000. Bloody Bill Anderson got little respect in death. William T. Anderson (1840 - October 26, 1864), better known as Bloody Bill, was one of the deadliest and most brutal pro- Confederate guerrilla leaders in the American Civil War. Bloody Bill Anderson. Again, were those 2 pistols found on the horse or were there more as Cox's statement was in the plural. Anderson led a band of volunteer partisan raiders who targeted Union loyalists and federal soldiers in the states of Missouri and Kansas. [129] Anderson presented him with a gift of fine Union pistols, likely captured at Centralia. [19] Baker and his brother-in-law brought the man to a store, where they were ambushed by the Anderson brothers. Brown had devoted significant attention to the border area, Anderson led raids in Cooper County and Johnson County, Missouri, robbing local residents. Operating against Unionists in the midst of the guerrilla war in Missouri and Kansas, he was a leading figure in the infamous Lawrence Massacre and the Centralia Massacre, gaining the nickname "Bloody Bill" for the perceived savagery of his exploits. The Union militias sometimes rode slower horses and may have been intimidated by Anderson's reputation. Anderson, William William T. "Bloody Bill" Anderson was born in Kentucky in 1839; he migrated with his family from Missouri to the Council Grove, Kansas area before the war. They chased the men who had attacked them, killing one and mutilating his body. Please note that we are about 6-7 months in backorder and the wait is worth it. [116] Anderson achieved the same notoriety Quantrill had previously enjoyed, and he began to refer to himself as "Colonel Anderson", partly in an effort to supplant Quantrill. [113] One Union officer reached Centralia and gave word of the ambush, allowing a few Union soldiers who had remained there to escape. [160] Asa Earl Carter's novel The Rebel Outlaw: Josey Wales (1972) features Anderson as a main character. Born in Randolph County, Missouri in 1839, William T. Anderson would, by his death on October 26, 1864, be known and feared throughout the Unionas "Bloody Bill" Anderson, a barbaric, pro-Confederateguerilla leader in the American Civil War. Nov 26, 2015 - PLEASE READ THE HOME PAGE PRIOR TO ORDERING TO UNDERSTAND PROCEDURES, HOW TO MEASURE, WAYS OF PAYMENT, BACK ORDERS, ETC. Wood speculates that it was "Thomas", his grandfather's name. Bloody Bill Anderson - Etsy Check out our bloody bill anderson selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Pioneer Cemetery. In September 1864, Anderson led a raid on the town of Centralia, Missouri. ), Bite-Size Bits of Local, National, and Global History, Photographed By William Fischer, Jr., September 17, 2020. Posted on 19th March 2021. [54] During the winter, Anderson married Bush Smith, a woman from Sherman, Texas. [89] In mid-September, Union soldiers ambushed two of Anderson's parties traveling through Howard County, killing five men in one day. Jesse James and his brother Frank were among the Missourians who joined Anderson; both of them later became notorious outlaws. The Man Who Killed Quantrill. More lies and sensationalized stories have been told of William T. Anderson than any other Civil War Border War guerrilla except those of William Clarke Quantrill himself. [153], Archie Clement led the guerrillas after Anderson's death, but the group splintered by mid-November. [27], In May 1863, Anderson joined members of Quantrill's Raiders on a foray near Council Grove, Kansas,[27] in which they robbed a store 15 miles (24km) west of the town. The Union troops took his body to Richmond, Mo. [65], On July 6, a Confederate sympathizer brought Anderson newspapers containing articles about him. Fucking legend. The life of a guerrilla was difficult and violent. Answer: He mistook the cashier for Samuel P Cox, the killer of 'Bloody Bill' Anderson. Anderson, perhaps falsely, implicated Quantrill in a murder, leading to the latter's arrest by Confederate authorities. For the more effectual annoyance of the enemy upon our rivers and in our mountains and woods all citizens of this district who are not conscripted are called upon to organize themselves into independent companies of mounted men or infantry, as they prefer, arming themselves and to serve in that part of the district to which they belong. The Union troops took his body to Richmond, Mo. [127] Although many of them wished to execute this Union hostage, Anderson refused to allow it. As armies march across America from 1861 to 1865, other combatants shot soldiers from ambush and terrorized civilians of opposing loyalties in a fierce guerrilla war. He was buried in a nearby fieldafter a soldier cut off one of his fingers to steal a ring. ; and Confederate Memorial State Historic Site in Higginsville, Mo. For instance, you could play Jesse James-an American outlaw who was also a confederate soldier under Bloody Bill Anderson's leadership. Anthony Edwards as "Goose" in Top Gun (1986) : [58], A short time later, one of Anderson's men was accused of stealing from one of Quantrill's men. Cox stated that he went out & took one of Anderson's pistols along with money & a gold watch. [142] Anderson and his men charged the Union forces, killing five or six of them, but turned back under heavy fire. [167] He maintains that Anderson's acts were seen as particularly shocking in part because his cruelty was directed towards white Americans of equivalent social standing, rather than targets deemed acceptable by American society, such as Native Americans or foreigners. [147] Union soldiers claimed that Anderson was found with a string that had 53 knots, symbolizing each person he had killed. Gen. Henry Halleck's General Orders No. Bloody Bill Anderson Name bad men in history, Caligula - Hitler - Charles Manson, more? From famous outlaws like Billy the Kid and Jesse James to lawmen like Wyatt Earp and Wild Bill Hickok to trailblazing pioneers and frontiersmen, this podcast tells the true stories of the real-life characters who shaped this iconic period in American history. General Orders No. On March 12, 1864, in the midst of a bloody war which had long overflowed its thimble, Margaret Brooks was returning from her home near Memphis, Tennessee when her wagon broke down in Nonconnah Creek. In December, 1861, he organized his infamous guerrilla band, which included William "Bloody Bill" Anderson, George Todd, Fletcher Taylor, Cole Younger, and Frank James, to name a few. However, most were hunted down and killed. Bushwhacker activities in Missouri increased as a response to Federal occupation and increasingly brutal attacks and raids by Kansas soldiers, or jayhawkers. Some bands of guerrillas, like William Quantrill's, had 400 or more members, but most were much smaller. Marker is on Thornton Street north of Main Street (State Highway 10), on the left when traveling north. In October of 1864, Anderson's unit was trapped and outnumbered in Missouri, and 'Bloody Bill' was killed when he charged the Union troops. arms army asked attack August Baker band began better Bill Anderson Bloody Bill body brother bushwhackers called camp Castel Centralia City Clark close commander Company Confederate. The cashier pulled a gun on him and James killed him in self-defence. On October 2, a group of 450 guerrillas under Quantrill's leadership met at Blackwater River in Jackson County and left for Texas. Bloody Bill Impostor William C. Anderson The Myth that Bloody Bill Anderson had survived the war and was living in Brownwood Texas originated in 1924, after a young Brownwood reporter named Henry Clay Fuller spent several hours talking with an 84 year old William C. Anderson in his home on Salt Creek. You certainly wouldn't do that aboard a horse. Its frame and grip initially matched the Navy in size, but Colt later lengthened the grip to absorb. . [68] The letters were given to Union generals and were not published for 20 years. After a brief gunfight, Baker and his brother-in-law fled into the store's basement. . There are other examples as well, such as . And a lot of the Cavalry didn't have sidearms early in the war. The rapid rate of fire made the revolver perfect for the quick attacks executed by these men. There he met Baker, who temporarily placated him by providing a lawyer. The residents of Lawrence, Kansas, would never forget what happened on August 21, 1863, if indeed they were lucky enough to survive. The Fate of the Bushwhackers , Confederate leaders were unsure about guerrillas. You may have your own list of heartless maniacal killers. Usually a wife, sister, mother or sweetheart used ribbons, shells and needlework to create the ellaborately [sic] decorated shirts. However, he was quickly released owing to a problem with the warrant, and fled to Agnes City, fearing he would be lynched. Anderson was hit by a bullet behind an ear, likely killing him instantly. They drew the Union troops to the top of a hill; a group of guerrillas led by Anderson had been stationed at the bottom and other guerrillas hid nearby. On October 26, 1864, the notorious Confederate guerrilla leader William "Bloody Bill" Anderson is killed in Missouri in a Union ambush. Maupin, pictured above. The Death of William Anderson , On Oct. 27, 1864, about 300 men of the Enrolled Missouri Militia, led by Union Lt. Col. Samuel P. Cox, ambushed Anderson and his guerrilla force in Ray County's Albany, Mo. Burial. . After selecting a sergeant for a potential prisoner swap, Anderson's men shot the rest. [79] General Clinton B. Fisk ordered his men to find and kill Anderson, but they were thwarted by Anderson's support network and his forces' superior training and arms. Most fought to protect or revenge their families from what they saw as injustices heaped upon them by the Union army and Union sympathizers. The Missouri in the Civil War Message Board - Archive is maintained by Webmaster [16] In May 1862, Judge Baker issued an arrest warrant for Griffith, whom Anderson helped hide. Fueling this conflict was a dispute over whether Kansas should be a slave-holding state or not. [48] After a dead raider was scalped by a Union-allied Lenape Indian during the pursuit, one guerrilla leader pledged to adopt the practice of scalping. Gen. Henry Halleck. It was Anderson's greatest victory, surpassing Lawrence and Baxter Springs in brutality and the number of casualties. [85], In early August, Anderson and his men traveled to Clay County. In July of 1864 Anderson moved his operations to Carroll and Randolph Counties. Carrying multiple loaded guns gave them an edge against soldiers equipped with a single-shot, muzzle-loading musket. "An unusual event made a guerrilla out of William Anderson. Banjo Heritage https://patreon.com/CliftonHicksI learned the words to "Bloody Bill Anderson" from a recording of Alvin Youngblood Hart. 4. [20], William and Jim Anderson soon formed a gang with a man named Bill Reed; in February 1863, the Lexington Weekly Union recorded that Reed was the leader of the gang. Others, like William Anderson, had already entered a dark abyss from which there was no return and no escape except death. Bloody Bill's Guns Bill Langley had used a number of different guns during his career as a killer. and M.A. Gen. Thomas C. Hindman was the head of the Confederate Army's Trans Mississippi Department in Little Rock, Ark. so there couldn't have been that many to obtain from citizens. Desperate to put a stop to Anderson's bloodshed, the Union Army eventually raised a small militia to hunt him down. [128] On October 6, Anderson and his men began travelling to meet General Price in Boonville, Missouri;[124][129] they arrived and met the general on October 11. , Cole Younger, 1913. From the town, they saw a group of about 120 guerrillas and pursued them. In response, Union militias developed hand signals to verify that approaching men in Union uniforms were not guerrillas. The act sanctioned guerrilla activities against the Union army while attempting to gain some measure of control over the guerrillas. Many bushwhackers wore a distinctive shirt, such as this one on T.F. [63], Anderson and his men rested in Texas for several months before returning to Missouri. The Guerrilla Lifestyle 1840-1864. Residents resented seizure of supplies and the increasingly harsh measures to control them. William and Jim Anderson then traveled southwest of Kansas City, robbing travelers to support themselves. Upon returning to the Confederate leadership, Anderson was commissioned as a captain by General Price. Now that statement is a little murky. 0:02. Gen. Henry Halleck's General Orders No. [52] Not satisfied with the number killed, Anderson and Todd wished to attack the fort again, but Quantrill considered another attack too risky. Bloody Bill was born in either 1838 or 1839 and moved to Kansas in the late 1850s. Historians have made disparate appraisals of Anderson; some see him as a sadistic, psychopathic killer, while others put his actions into the perspective of the general desperation and lawlessness of the time and the brutalization effect of war. and also on the Agnes City Census of Kansas in 1850. Biographer Larry Wood wrote that Anderson's motivation shifted after the death of his sister, arguing that killing then became his focus, and an enjoyable act. Quick Description: An historic cemetery that lies a little northwest from the town square in Richmond, Missouri has new life and a monument to Mormon pioneers; but, it also contains the gravestone of the notorious civil war guerrilla leader "Bloody Bill" Anderson. Confederate States Army. Quantrill expelled him and warned him not to come back, and the man was fatally shot by some of Quantrill's men when he attempted to return. Anderson planned to destroy railroad infrastructure in Centralia, Missouri. Even then, reloading the powder & ball would have been almost as fast as changing out the cylinder. [74] By August, the St. Joseph Herald, a Missouri newspaper, was describing him as "the Devil". Anderson and his companion "took a negro girl of 12 or 13 years old into . Erected by Missouri State Parks. [6] Kansas was at the time embroiled in an ideological conflict regarding its admission to the Union as slave or free, and both pro-slavery activists and abolitionists had moved there in attempts to influence its ultimate status. Bushwhackers and Jayhawkers. The Tactical Genius of Bloody Bill Anderson by Sean McLachlan 2/13/2018 His ruthless nature earned his moniker and obscured a flair for strategy. Anderson is loosely portrayed by Jim Caviezel as Black John Ambrose in the 1999 Ang Lee film Ride With The Devil.